2014考研辅导英语语法深度分析之形容词性从句(定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的区别)
这篇关于《2014考研辅导英语语法深度分析之形容词性从句》,是 考 网特地为大家整理的,希望对大家有所帮助! 在上期的文章中我们重点讲了考研英语语法的复习重点...
大家好,今天我将为大家详细介绍occasion定语从句用法的问题。为了更好地呈现这个问题,我将相关资料进行了整理,现在就让我们一起来看看吧。
2014考研辅导英语语法深度分析之形容词性从句
这篇关于《2014考研辅导英语语法深度分析之形容词性从句》,是 考 网特地为大家整理的,希望对大家有所帮助!
在上期的文章中我们重点讲了考研英语语法的复习重点和其中第一个重点——名词性从句,本期将重点讲解两点:形容词及形容词性从句和副词及状语从句。
摘要考研语法,在考研英语的复习中是基础,也是难点,本期跨考教育英语杨凤芝老师主要从总体上分析了句式和结构,并详细讲解了形容词及形容词性从句所包含的类型及用法,对各个知识点进行了详细阐释,并辅以经典例句。
关键词考研英语 语法
三、形容词以及形容词性从句
名词性从句是句子中的名词性成分在纵向的一个复杂化过程。其实,从横向的角度来看的话,句子中的名词性成分可以通过修饰成分使其变复杂,这个成分就是形容词性成分。
可以修饰名词性成分的有:形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、定语从句。
1. 形容词的语法功能:定语、表语、补语、状语
(1)She is beautiful.(形容词做表语)
(2)We find the NETEM difficult.(形容词做宾语补足语)
(3)The girl stood there, full of fear.(形容词短语做状语)
(4)He is a handsome boy. (形容词做定语)
(5)He is a boy who is handsome.(从句做定语)
形容词最常见的语法功能就是定语和表语,其次是补语和状语。我们看一下,第一个句子当中,形容词beautiful做表语,第二个句子中we为主语,find为谓语, the NETEM为宾语,那么形容词difficult是什么成分呢?是对NETEM(全国研究生入学英语考试:National Test of English for MA or MS candidates)的补充说明,所以是宾语补足语。第三个句子中形容词短语full of fear又是做什么成分呢?我们一般见到的都是形容词作定语,副词作状语,其实,形容词也是可以做状语的,只是用到的比较少而已。在这个句子当中full of fear就是做状语,表示The girl stood there的伴随状态。再看第四个句子:He is a handsome boy.形容词handsome我们很容易就能看出来是修饰名词boy的定语。最后一个句子:He is a boy who is handsome.这个句子在结构上来说,是最复杂的一个。这是因为修饰名词boy的形容词handsome被变成了一个从句的形式,为定语从句作定语修饰名词。
通过以上的展示,我们了解了形容词性成分在句子的修饰作用,对定语从句有了一个初步的认识。其实,定语从句与形容词在语法功能上是相同的,都起修饰限定的作用。
2.定语从句详解
(1)定语从句的构成
基本构成:先行词(被修饰的名词)+关系词(引导词)。
先行词往往是指定语从句所修饰的对象(名词或者代词)。比如这句话:He who laughs last laughs best.这里面的who引导了定语从句who laughs last,这个定语从句的先行词就是前面的He,关系词就是引导定语从句的词who。从这个例子中我们可以看出定语从句核心的两个基本元素是先行词和关系词,先行词在根本上决定了关系词,所以必须对先行词有全面正确的认识。那么什么样的词会成为先行词,什么样的先行词常在考研英语中出现呢?成为先行词的词一般有如下几种情况:
第一种情况,用一个词来做先行词。我们还是用上面提到的例子:He who laughs last laughs best.先行词就是who引导的定语从句所修饰的代词He。用一个词来做先行词,这是考研英语中常考的情况。
第二种情况,是用一个短语来做先行词。在1995年的阅读理解文章里面,曾经考过这么一句话:Many of life's problems(许多生活问题)which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.在这句话中,定语从句是which引导的,一直引导到which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues,by在考研英语里面经常翻译成“通过……的方法”。通过问家庭的成员、朋友和同事,一直引导到这个地方。这个定语从句的主语实际上是many life’s problems,谓语是are solved,后面by介词短语是状语成分,所以which引导的定语从句修饰前面的many life’s problems,其关系词是which,先行词是many lives problems,所以说这是一个短语结构来做先行词。在考研英语中,尤其是翻译题目中,对定语从句的一种非常重要的考查方式就是正确地找出所修饰的先行词,而这些短语性质的先行词,会比单个单词的形式复杂些。
第三种情况,是用一个句子来作为先行词。例如:George W. Bush junior, whose IQ was said to be lower than 85, was elected as the American president, which surprised the world.意思是智商不足85的小布什当选为美国总统,这震惊了世人。那么这个句子包含了两个定语从句:第一个是whose引导的定语从句“whose IQ was said to be lower than 85”;另一个是which引导的定语从句“which surprised the world”。其中第一个从句的先行词很好找,就是前面的专有名词George W. Bush junior,那么which从句的先行词是哪个呢?是不是离它最近的the American president呢?不是的,其实它修饰的是前面整个句子,即前面整个句子所讲的事实,是关系词which指代的内容。
总之,先行词和关系词是我们分析定语从句时必须关注的重点。而且先行词有时不好确定,那就需要我们把它带入到定语从句中,看意思上是否合适,是否符合整个句意。
(2)定语从句的类别
从定语从句从与所修饰的先行词语义关系紧密与否的角度可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。什么叫语义关系紧密与否呢?从结构上来看就是看被修饰的词与后面的引导词之间是不是有一个逗号隔开。例如:
He studies hard at school when he was young, which contributes to his success in later life.
Which指代前面一整句话,之间有逗号隔开,这是which引导非限定定语从句的一种形式。这句话可以理解为:他年轻时在学校里学习很刻苦,这对他后来取得的成功有很大的帮助。
(3)相关引导词
定语从句引导词可分为关系代词和关系副词两种。之所以叫关系代词或副词,是因为关系代词在定语从句中起代词的作用,而关系副词在定语从句中起副词的作用,即一般做状语。可能有些不好理解,下面我们做详细说明。
a. 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。关系代词有主格、宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。引导定语从句的关系代词一般有:that,which,who ,whom,whose 等。
b. 关系副词修饰先行词,在后面的从句中做副词性的成分。
引导定语从句的关系副词主要有:when,where,why ,whereby等。
我们来看一个句子:
The day when we stop learning is the day when we die.
在这个句子当中,第一个关系副词when引导定语从句when we stop learning,修饰先行词day,关系副词when在后面的从句中做时间状语,表示从句中动词stop的时间,我们可以将关系副词when替换成“介词+关系代词”的形式:on which。后一个关系副词when引导的定语从句也是同样的道理。
c. as 引导的定语从句
第一,引导限定性定语从句的条件
as既能引导限制性定语从句,又能引导非限制性定语从句。其中as引导限制性定语从句时,只有三种情况,即所修饰的名词前有such、the same、as出现时,后面的定语从句方可由as来引导。
例如下面这几个例子:
He’ll repeat such questions as are discussed in the book.
Such a student as works hard will be sure to succeed.
They made the same mistake as others would have made on such an occasion.
这三个句子中的as都引导了限制性的定语从句,分别为:as are discussed in the book修饰先行词such questions,as works hard修饰先行词such a student,as others would have made on such an occasion修饰先行词the same mistake。我们发现,这三个as引导的定语从句,它们的先行词都有such,the same等修饰。反过来,一旦as引导定语从句,其先行词正是as, the same,such所修饰的名词。
第二,as 引导非限定性定语从句
as除引导以上三种限制性定语从句之外,还可以引导非限制性定语从句。as引导非限定性定语从句和which相似,往往指代一整句话,不过位置相对来说比较灵活,可以位于句前、句中或句末。比如:
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social relationships.
解析:在这个句子中,关系代词as位于从句中的主语位置,而且as引导的这个定语从句位于句首,那么这个定语从句的先行词是什么呢?我们前面提到,定语从句的先行词有三种,而且定语从句的先行词一般都位于定语从句之前。但是这个定语从句前面什么都没有,可的确又是一个定语从句,这是怎么回事呢?这是一种特殊情况。这是因为as引导的定语从句位置灵活,可以位于句首,也就是说可以跳到它的先行词之前。此外,as引导非限制性定语从句,一般都是指代整句话的内容。换句话说,as引导的非限制性定语从句的先行词往往是一整句话的形式。所以在此处,as指代后面整句话:In America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social relationships.这样这句话的结构就很明晰了,就是“一个定语从句+主句”的结构。
由此我们得到句子的释义:与任何发达国家一样,在美国,一套复杂的文化信号、信念及习俗构成了所有社会关系的基础。
英语语法定语从句知识点:关系代词和关系副词基本用法介绍
根据关系词在定语从句中的不同用法,可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有who, whom, which, that, whose等,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副词主要有when, where, why等,在定语从句中作状语。具体用法如下:
一、关系代词的用法
当先行词指人时,若它在从句中作主语,则用who;若它在从句作宾语,则用whom或who;若它在从句中作定语,则用whose。如:
The man who told me this refused to tell me his name.
告诉我这事的人不肯告诉我他的名字。
The woman whose umbrella you took is very angry about it.
你拿了那个女人的伞,她非常生气。
当先行词指物时,若在定语从句中作主语或宾语,则用which;若它在定语从句中作定语用,则用of which或whose。如:
I saw something in the paper which might interest you.
我在报上看到一样可能使你感兴趣的东西。
He’s written a book the name of which (whose name) I’ve forgotten.
他写了一本书,书名我给忘了。
二、关系副词的用法
关系副词主要有when, where, why等,在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间、在点和原因。when主要放在time, day, years, season, age, occasion等时间的名词后;where主要放在place, city, town, village, house等地点名词后;why则通常只放在reason后。如:
Wednesday is the day when the shops are not open in the afternoon.
星期三下午商店不开门。
Give me one reason why we should help you.
给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由。
要特别注意,activity, case, point, even, situation, job, organization, position等抽象名词后接where引导定语从句的用法(这是近几年高考的一个新热点)。如:
I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day.
我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。
Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
今天,我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。
The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.
治疗将会持续到病人可以正常且安全地行走。
If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it.
你如果拿重要的东西去冒险,那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。
英语从句中看到哪些关键词用Where,when比如case,occasion,point 什么的。还有这算状从吗?跪求答案啊亲...
case,occasion,point 属于抽象地点,作为先行词,后面是where引导的定语从句,不是状语从。
请你看看下边讲解
先行词是抽象地点
有一些先行词,如point, stage, position, case, policy, condition等,属于抽象的地点名词,需要接where引导的定语从句。
There is one point where I’d like your advice.
有一点,我想听听你的建议。
A condition where the parking brakes do not hold will most probably be due to a wheel brake component.
不能按住手煞车的情况最大的可能是由于车轮煞车部件的原因。
You reach a point in your project where you just want to get the thing finished.
从事任何项目你都会进入一种境界:一心想完成它。
I’ve reached the stage where I just don’t care any more.
我已经到了一种什么都不在乎的地步。
We are in a position where we may lose a large sum of money.
在我们的处境下可能会损失打量金钱。
There are cases where this rule does not hold good.
在一些情况下,这个规则是不适用的。
This company has now introduced a policy where pay rises are related to performance at work.
这家公司引进一种政策:薪酬与工作表现挂钩。
Have you ever been in a situation where you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?
你是否曾经处于你知道另一个人和你格格不入的一种境况?
定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的区别
1,引导定语从句的关系代词 that, which,who,whom,whose,
关系代词引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词一般为人或者物体。
关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或者定语成分, 例如
Do you know the girl who has got an A in the exam 你认识考试中得A的女孩吗?
这句中who 作从句的主语
She got a computer that her parents bought for her. 她有一台电脑,这台电脑是她父母给买的。 这句中that 作从句的宾语。
The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard. 这个男孩学习非常刻苦,他爸爸是医生。 ?这句中whose 作从句的定语。
2,关系副词有 when ?where ? why .
关系副词引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词一般为 时间、地点、原因 等状语。
关系副词在 定语从句中充当 ?时间状语、地点状语、原因状语 等。
I still remember the day when you left for Beijing. 我仍然记得你去北京的那一天。 ? 这句中when 作为时间状语。
This is the school where my mother works. 这是我妈妈工作的那个学校。 这句中 where 作为地点状语。
Could you explain the reason why you were late ? 你能解释一下迟到的原因吗?
这句中why作为原因状语。
We should have teamspirit but there are a few occasions_____members are uncertain of their role...
A |
先行词occasion意思为 “场合;时刻”,表示时间,且从句中不缺主语和宾语,故此处用when引导定语从句,when在从句中作状语。 |
which用于先行词为stage的定语从句中
where
case, condition, situation, position, point, stage
等名词后接where引出的定语从句小议
不久前,下面这道题引发了我们对stage作先行词之后的定语从句引导词的问题以及其它类似定于从句的探讨,
先看一道题:
the conflict had developed into a stage ______ the two countries were gathering big troops on the border.
(2009学年第二学期浙东北(zdb)三校期中联考高二英语试卷(2010.05)) a. where b. when c. which d. that
本题到底是选a还是选b?关键问题在于对先行词stage的理解,根据《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第七版)简作(oald)的解析:stage: a period of state that sb./sth. passes through while developing or making progress. 既可以理解为事件“(进展或进展的)阶段, 状态”; 又可以理解为“时期”。而上题中作“阶段”或“时期”都理解的通。 再看stage的用法;
*stage名词 n. [c]
1.舞台
some girls are dancing on the stage. 一些女孩在舞台上跳舞。
2.注意中心,活动舞台,场所
3.(进展的)阶段;时期
a caterpillar must pass through the cocoon stage to become a butterfly.
表示这些意思时,当stage作先行词后有定语从句时,。
例句:1.表地点: the stage where the girls are going to dance is in the gym.
2.表时期: the stage when he is preparing for his study is really important.
不同的叙述:
①当先行词为case,condition,situation,position,point,stage等名词,表示情况、方面、处境时用关系副词where.
②当先行词是case, condition, situation, position, point, stage 等名词时,表示情况、方面、处境时,用关系副词where.但先行词是occasion时,用关系副词when.
③当 situation, condition, stage, point,scenes 做先行词时,用 where 引导定语从句
④先行词通常是 time, day, season, age, occasion 等时间名词时其后的定语从句用when引导.
事实上, 当先行词 occasion, point, stage等名词是表示时间节点的时候,其后的定语从句就用when引导,在从句中作时间状语. 例如:
1. i can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel because of ill health.(oald)
我记得他因健康不佳而被迫取消的情况绝无仅有。when引导定语从句,在从句中作时间状语.
2.(2008·山东·26) occasions are quite rare ___________i have the time to spend a day with my kids.
a. who b. which c. why d. when
答案选d。考查定语从句。此题关键是要根据句意判定是定语从句。句意为:我有时间和孩子们一起度过一天的机会很少。occasions 是先行词, 所选关系词在定语从句中要作时间状语, 故选d项
3. we had reached the point when there was no money. 我们那时已到了没有一分钱的时刻。point表示“某一阶段,关头”, 所以其后用when 引导定语从句。
4. there comes a point in your life when you realize: who matters, who never did, who won't anymore
5. china is now at a stage of accelerated industrialization and urbanization when the contradiction between economic growth and environmental protection is particularly prominent.
中国目前正处于工业化和城市化加速发展的阶段,此时经济增长和环境保护之间的矛盾十分突出。source: hard times call for green economy/by hu shaowei (china daily 03/24/2010 page8)
但更多情况是:position,situation, stage, case等,作先行词时,其后的定语从句应用where引导定语从句。如:
1.oxford dictionary online
more examples introducing a clause with 'when ' can be found but it is hard to find an example with 'where' after 'occasion'.
2.it is the same with longman dictionary
"under these conditions, where we see so much uncertainty with leadership succession, possible instability, we see no arms control, we see no confidence building measures, we see no disarmament, we see north korea refusing to return to the six-party talks, we see the sinking of the cheonan and potential clashes in the west sea around the
northern limit line. so a lot of people are just saying this is just not the right time," pinkston said. voa news.
it is the same with ' situation'.
"it moves from a situation where only those items on the permitted list can come into gaza to a situation where things come into gaza as a matter of course unless they are on the prohibited list. it allows us to facilitate the united nations projects for reconstruction in things like schools and hospital and water sanitation and so on." bbc news新闻 20100621
3.we were put in a position in which(=where) we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the government.(人教版新课标高中英语必修1 line25.p34) 我们被置于这样一种境地,或者是被迫承认我们低人一等,或者是与政府作斗争。 这是一个主从复合句,in which引导定语从句,修饰先行词position。
4. can you think of a situation where you once felt embarrassed?
你能设想起你曾经有过感到很窘迫的场合吗?
5.he is the boss of the restaurant where (= in which) we often have lunch.
6. the last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.
(人教版新课标高中英语必修1 line19-20 p34)
注意: 近年来高考对关系副词where的考查趋于复杂化,从先行词为明显的“地点”发展为“模糊的地点化”。事实上,当先行词表示某事物发展的某个situation“情景”、stage“阶段”或某种程度时都可以用where引导定语从句。所以文章开头那道题答案为a. 更多的列子如:
1.(2009·福建·24) it’s helpful to put children in a situation ________they can see themselves differently.
a. that b. when c. which d. where
2.(2009·浙江14)i have reached a point in my life _______i am supposed to make decisions of my own.
a. which b. where c. how d. why
3. an iraqi reporter during a news conference ________threw his shoes at bush and called him a dog in arabic shocked the world.
a. who b. where c. whom d. which
1.解析选d。考查定语从句。句意为:把孩子放在一个能使他们从另外一个角度认识自己的环境中对他们有益。当先行词是case, condition, situation, position, point, stage等名词表示“情况, 方面, 处境”时, 关系副词用where。
2. 解析选b。考查定语从句。句意为:我已经到了应该自己作决定的那个人生阶段。先行词point和定语从句被介词短语in my life隔开。当先行词是case, condition, situation, position, point, stage等名词表示“情况、方面、处境”时, 定语从句用关系副词where引导。how不能用来引导定语从句; which在定语从句中作主语或宾语; why引导定语从句时先行词应为reason; 因此可排除选项a、c和d。
3. 解析选d。考查定语从句。此题关键是要根据句意判定是定语从句。句意为:我有时间和孩子们一起度过一天的机会很少。occasions 是先行词, 所选关系词在定语从句中要作时间状语, 故选d项。
类似的还有如:
4.those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity ____sight matters more than hearing.
a. when b. whose c. which d. where
好了,关于“occasion定语从句用法”的话题就讲到这里了。希望大家能够对“occasion定语从句用法”有更深入的了解,并且从我的回答中得到一些启示。